Already, 98 percent of Americans over 50 say that “getting exercise
is important to staying healthy,” according to an AARP survey. But
just knowing what’s good for them isn’t enough.
“Messages must move beyond conveying basic health benefits to focus
on encouraging and inspiring audience members to get moving, while being
careful not to alienate or turn them off,” say Marcia Ory, Ph.D.,
M.P.H., of the Texas A&M University System School of Rural Public
Health and colleagues.
Ignoring clichés about older people and exercise might help, the
researchers note. Being old does not mean life is over, Ory says, adding
that elderly people receive as much benefit from exercising or any healthy
behavior as younger people do. Stereotypes of old age as a time of poor
health is a simplistic generalization, she adds, not an accurate description
of the status of individuals.
“The majority of older people are able to perform functions necessary
for normal living and to manage independently until very advanced ages,” she
says. “It is never too late to gain benefits from increasing physical
activity.”
Social and behavioral factors — like diet and exercise — play
the most important role in determining longevity and quality of life among
the elderly. Genetics factors contribute only 25 percent to human longevity,
despite familiar injunctions to “choose your parents wisely.”
But older people won’t be motivated by stern lectures about “getting
off the couch” or images of exercise as sweaty, physical labor, Ory
says. In fact, even the word “exercise” should be replaced
with something less intimidating like “physical activity.”
“While audiences need motivation and encouragement to get moving,
they are also hungry for specific directions and guidance,” she says.
Instead of vaguely suggesting a brisk walk, she suggests that advocates
say: “Get your heart rate up, at least 30 minutes a day, at least
five days a week.”
Older people say they look for activities that are moderate in intensity,
reasonably inexpensive, simple and convenient to engage in and, for older
women in particular, include opportunities to socialize.
Motivating older people to get out and move also means recognizing the
obstacles that block their paths. Some are physical: unsafe streets, absent
sidewalks, nasty winters or steamy summers. But fear of injury and lack
of time, energy, skill or motivation take a toll as well.
One barrier to greater participation in physical activity, oddly enough,
is the familiar injunction to consult a doctor before starting an exercise
program, says Durham, North Carolina, Veterans’ Affairs Medical
Center researcher Miriam C. Morey, Ph.D. Several national medical organizations
tell doctors to take a complete medical history and do a physical examination,
laboratory tests, and a stress test before prescribing exercise to patients.
But these precautions often fail to predict cardiac events in patients
without symptoms, Morey says. Adverse events from exercise are rare, but
the universal caution to see a doctor creates an image of exercise as potentially
harmful.
“Clinicians [should] shift from a traditional role of shielding
patients from all possible harm and adopt a role of enabling participation,” she
says. Doctors should become advocates for physical activity rather than
the gatekeepers they seem to be at present.
“Medical knowledge and skill are essential to aggressively seek
solutions for those with physical conditions that limit participation or
present impediments,” Morey says.
She suggests facetiously that perhaps medical guidelines should require
a doctor’s permission for anyone who intends to remain sedentary.
A “start-low-and-go-slow” approach is a good way to begin
a personal exercise plan, says Morey.
